Opportunities and Challenges of Bio‐based Fertilizers Utilization for Improving Soil Health

Bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) have been promoted as a solution to help manage bio-waste problems and improve soil health conditions. This study found that contamination of heavy metals and pathogens is the main problem of BBFs implementation. Furthermore, compared to mineral fertilizers, BBFs have obstacles to getting social acceptance due to the challenges of transportation and production cost, the concentration of nutrients, matching crops, and policy framework.